References
The references listed below were amassed throughout a master's thesis program that focused on CBD hemp field management practices and the chemistry of cannabis.
This thesis was published May 2022 and is available for download at this link: Understanding the phytochemistry of high-CBD hemp: Efficacy of common row cover materials for pollen exclusion and impact on flower chemistry.
Not every citation below is complete. DOI, ISBN, ISSN, or a link to pdf are included whenever possible.
Software used: online version of EndNote, references exported as a bibliography in the bibliographic style of Nature in plain text file format.
1 A pollen analytical record for hemp retting from Dungeness Foreland, UK (2005). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.12.004
2 Establishment of a Domestic Hemp Production Program. (ed U.S. Department of Agriculture) 5596-5691 (Agricultural Marketing Service, 2021) https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/19/2021-00967/establishment-of-a-domestic-hemp-production-program
3 (PDF) Optimal Rate of Organic Fertilizer during the Vegetative-stage for Cannabis Grown in Two Coir-based Substrates. American Society for Horticultural Science 52, 1307-1312 (2017). https://doi.org:10.21273/HORTSCI11903-17
4 The relationship between light intensity, cannabis yields, and profitability. Agronomy Journal 112, 1466-1470 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1002/agj2.20008
5 Faux, A. et al. The relationship of stem and seed yields to flowering phenology and sex expression in monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). (2013). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.eja.2013.01.006
6 Adler, B. & DeLeo, V. Allergenic ingredients in commercial topical cannabinoid preparations. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 81, 847-848 (2019). https://doi.org:doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.03.015
7 Aharoni, A. et al. Terpenoid Metabolism in Wild-Type and Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants. Plant Cell 15, 2866-2884 (2003). https://doi.org:10.1105/tpc.016253
8 A, A., MA, v. d. M., G, v. d. E. & M, O. R. Cannabinoids in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 97 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1002/cpt.117
9 Ahn, K., Johnson, D. & Cravatt, B. Fatty acid amide hydrolase as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pain and CNS disorders. Expert opinion on drug discovery 4 (2009). https://doi.org:10.1517/17460440903018857
10 Aizpurua-Olaizola, O. et al. Identification and quantification of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. plants by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406, 7549-7560 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x
11 Aizpurua-Olaizola, O. et al. Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes. Journal of Natural Products 79, 324-331 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949
12 E, A., R, L. & S, K. The serotonin-1A receptor in anxiety disorders. Biological psychiatry 66 (2009). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.012
13 Keller, A., Leupin, M., Mediavilla, V. & Wintermantel, E. Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on chemical and physical properties of the fibres. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00051-0
14 Alhamoruni, A., Wright, K., Larvin, M. & O'Sullivan, S. Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation-induced intestinal permeability. Br J Pharmacol 165, 2598-2610 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01589.x
15 Aliferis, K. A. & Bernard-Perron, D. Cannabinomics: Application of Metabolomics in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Research and Development. Front Plant Sci 11 (2020). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2020.00554
16 Allegrone, G. et al. The Bibenzyl Canniprene Inhibits the Production of Pro-Inflammatory Eicosanoids and Selectively Accumulates in Some Cannabis sativa Strains. Journal of natural products 80 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01126
17 Andrade-Ochoa, S. et al. In vitro and in silico studies of terpenes, terpenoids and related compounds with larvicidal and pupaecidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Chemistry Central journal 12 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1186/s13065-018-0425-2
18 Andre, C. M., Hausman, J.-F. & Guerriero, G. Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science 7 (2016). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019
19 Andre, C. M., Larondelle, Y. & Evers, D. Dietary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress from a Human and Plant Perspective: A Review. Current Nutrition & Food Science 6 (2010). https://doi.org:10.2174/157340110790909563
20 Angelini, P. et al. in Anticancer Plants: Natural Products and Biotechnological Implements Vol. 2 (ed M. K. Swamy M. S. Akhtar) Ch. 9, 207-232 (Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018). doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8064-7
21 Turner, A. R., Spurling, B. C. & Agrawal, S. Marijuana Toxicity. (2020). https://doi.org:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430823/
22 Ashkavand, P., Tabari, M., Zarafshar, M., Tomášková, I. & Struve, D. Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on drought resistance in hawthorn seedlings. Forest Research Papers 76, 350-359 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1515/frp-2015-0034
23 E, A., A, S.-P., E, V.-L., R, M. & I, F. Cannabis-based medicine reduces multiple pathological processes in AβPP/PS1 mice. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 43 (2015). https://doi.org:10.3233/JAD-141014
24 S, A., I, D., A, G. & E, S. Cannabidiol protects keratinocyte cell membranes following exposure to UVB and hydrogen peroxide. Redox biology 36 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.redox.2020.101613
25 S, A., I, J.-K. & E, S. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 9 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3390/antiox9010021
26 Atalay, S., Jarocka-Karpowicz, I. & Skrzydlewska, E. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol. Antioxidants (Basel). 9 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3390/antiox9010021
27 Azeredo, C. M. O. & Soares, M. J. Combination of the essential oil constituents citral, eugenol and thymol enhance their inhibitory effect on Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma cruzi growth. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 23, 762-768 (2013). https://doi.org:10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500007
28 R, B. et al. Closing the Yield Gap for Cannabis: A Meta-Analysis of Factors Determining Cannabis Yield. Frontiers in plant science 10 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2019.00495
29 D, B. et al. Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature 404 (2000). https://doi.org:10.1038/35003583
30 Barrett, M. L., Gordon, D. & Evans, F. J. Isolation from cannabis sativa L. of cannflavin—a novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production. Biochemical Pharmacology 34, 2019-2024 (1985). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(85)90325-9
31 Barrie Webster, G. R. & Sarna, L. P. US6403126B1 Cannabinoid Extraction Method. patents.google.com (2002).
32 Bátkai, S. et al. Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabivarin prevents hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses through cannabinoid CB2 receptors. British journal of pharmacology 165 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01410.x
33 Ben-Shabat, S. et al. An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. European journal of pharmacology 353 (1998). https://doi.org:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00392-6
34 Benelli, G. et al. The crop-residue of fiber hemp cv. Futura 75: from a waste product to a source of botanical insecticides. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 25, 10515-10525 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1007/s11356-017-0635-5
35 Bergamaschi, M. M. et al. Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 36 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1038/npp.2011.6
36 Berman, P. et al. A new ESI-LC/MS approach for comprehensive metabolic profiling of phytocannabinoids in Cannabis. Scientific Reports 8, 14280 (2018). https://doi.org:doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32651-4
37 Bernstein, N., Gorelick, J., Zerahia, R. & Koch, S. Impact of N, P, K, and Humic Acid Supplementation on the Chemical Profile of Medical Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L). Front Plant Sci 10 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2019.00736
38 Bhal, S. K., Kassam, K., Peirson, I. G. & Pearl, G. M. The Rule of Five revisited: applying log D in place of log P in drug-likeness filters. Mol Pharm 4, 556-560 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1021/mp0700209
39 Bócsa, I., P. Máthé, and L. Hangyel. Effect of nitrogen on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves at different positions. Journal of the International Hemp Association 4, 78-79 (1997). https://druglibrary.net/olsen/HEMP/IHA/jiha4207.html
40 Bolognini, D. et al. Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation. British journal of pharmacology 168 (2013). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.12043
41 Borges, R. S. & da Silva, A. B. F. in Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies Ch. e12, e122-e130 (Academic Press, 2017).
42 Borges, R. S. & da Silva, A. B. F. Chapter e12 - Cannabidiol as an Antioxidant. (Academic Press, 2017).
43 Borille, B. T. et al. Near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for growth stage classification of cannabis cultivated in a greenhouse from seized seeds. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 173, 318-323 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.040
44 Borrelli, F. et al. Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 87 (2009). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00109-009-0512-x
45 Borrelli, F. et al. Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease. Biochemical pharmacology 85 (2013). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.017
46 Brenneisen, R. in Marijuana and the Cannabinoids Forensic Science and Medicine (ed Mahmoud A. ElSohly) Ch. 2, 17-49 (Humana Press, 2007).
47 Brighenti, V., Pellati, F., Steinbach, M., Maran, D. & Benvenuti, S. Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 143, 228-236 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.049
48 SC, B., AG, G., JL, W., AM, P. & RM, C. Antinociceptive and Immune Effects of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol or Cannabidiol in Male Versus Female Rats With Persistent Inflammatory Pain. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 373 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1124/jpet.119.263319
49 Broseus, J., Anglada, F. & Esseiva, P. The differentiation of fibre- and drug type Cannabis seedlings by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Forensic Science International 200, 87-92 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.03.034
50 Bruci, Z. et al. First systematic evaluation of the potency of Cannabis sativa plants grown in Albania. Forensic Sci Int 222, 40-46 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.032
51 Bruni, N. et al. Cannabinoid Delivery Systems for Pain and Inflammation Treatment. Molecules 23 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules23102478
52 Burčul, F., Blažević, I., Radan, M. & Politeo, O. Terpenes, Phenylpropanoids, Sulfur and Other Essential Oil Constituents as Inhibitors of Cholinesterases. Current medicinal chemistry 27 (2020). https://doi.org:10.2174/0929867325666180330092607
53 Campbell, B. J., Berrada, A. F., Hudalla, C., Amaducci, S. & McKay, J. K. Genotype × Environment Interactions of Industrial Hemp Cultivars Highlight Diverse Responses to Environmental Factors. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2, 1-11 (2019). https://doi.org:10.2134/age2018.11.0057
54 Campos-Xolalpa, N., Pérez-Gutiérrez, S., Pérez-González, C., Mendoza-Pérez, J. & Alonso-Castro, A. J. in Anticancer Plants: Natural Products and Biotechnological Implements Vol. 2 (ed M. K. Swamy M. S. Akhtar) Ch. 8, 163-205 (Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018).
55 Capasso, R. et al. Cannabidiol, extracted from Cannabis sativa, selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice. Br J Pharmacol Vol. 154 1001-1008 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.177
56 Caplan, D. D., Mike. Zheng, Youbin. Optimal Rate of Organic Fertilizer during the Flowering Stage for Cannabis Grown in Two Coir-based Substrates in: HortScience Volume 52 Issue 12 (2017). American Society for Horticultural Science 52, 1796-1803 (2017). https://doi.org:10.21273/HORTSCI12401-17
57 Cardenia, V., Gallina Toschi, T., Scappini, S., Rubino, R. C. & Rodriguez-Estrada, M. T. Development and validation of a Fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the determination of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 26, 1283-1292 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.06.001
58 Carvalho, ., Hansen, E. H., Kayser, O., Carlsen, S. & Stehle, F. Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids. FEMS Yeast Res Vol. 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fox037
59 L, C. et al. Cannabidiol induces antioxidant pathways in keratinocytes by targeting BACH1. Redox biology 28 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.redox.2019.101321
60 Cascio, M., Gauson, L., Stevenson, L., Ross, R. & Pertwee, R. Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent α2‐adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist - Cascio - 2010 - British Journal of Pharmacology - Wiley Online Library. British Journal of Pharmacology 159 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x
61 Cha, T., Yee, W. & Aziz, A. Assessment of factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella vulgaris. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 28 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1007/s11274-011-0991-0
62 MH, C. et al. Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 28 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1177/0269881114550355
63 Chagas, M. H. et al. Effects of Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson's Disease: An Exploratory Double-Blind Trial. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 28 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1177/0269881114550355
64 S, C., H, L., IA, K. & MA, E. Temperature response of photosynthesis in different drug and fiber varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology 17 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1007/s12298-011-0068-4
65 Chandra, S. et al. Phytocannabinoids: Unraveling the Complex Chemistry and Pharmacology of Cannabis sativa. Vol. 103 (Springer, 2017). ISBN: 978-3-319-45541-9
66 Chandra, S., Lata, H., Mehmedic, Z., Khan, I. A. & ElSohly, M. A. Assessment of cannabinoids content in micropropagated plants of Cannabis sativa and their comparison with conventionally propagated plants and mother plant during developmental stages of growth. Planta Med 76, 743-750 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1055/s-0029-1240628
67 Chandra, S., Lata, H., Mehmedic, Z., Khan, I. A. & ElSohly, M. A. Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthetic Characteristics of High Δ9-THC Yielding Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Planta Medica 76 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1055/s-0030-1251773
68 Chandra et al. Phytocannabinoids Unraveling the Complex Chemistry and Pharmacology of Cannabis sativa. Vol. 103 (Springer, 2017). ISBN: 978-3-319-45541-9
69 Goggin, C. Characterizing the Odor of Marijuana using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. (2013). University of California, Davis ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 1553346. https://www.proquest.com/openview/d7718e8c85551027aa4efe7c33b4db2b/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
70 Chelliah, M. P., Zinn, Z. Z., Khuu, P. & Teng, J. M. Self‐initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa - Chelliah - 2018 - Pediatric Dermatology - Wiley Online Library. Pediatric Dermatology 180 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1111/pde.13545
71 Choudhary, N. Floral Biology and Pollination Biology of Cannabis sativa L. The International Journal of Plant Reproductive Biology 2, 191-195 (2010). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/
72 Choukèr. A et al. Motion sickness, stress and the endocannabinoid system. PloS one 5 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1371/journal.pone.0010752
73 Ciolino, L. A., Ranieri, T. L. & Taylor, A. M. Commercial cannabis consumer products part 1: GC-MS qualitative analysis of cannabis cannabinoids. Forensic Sci Int 289, 429-437 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.032
74 C, C. et al. A Metabolomic Approach Applied to a Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method (HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS): Towards the Comprehensive Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Cannabis Medicinal Extracts. Phytochemical analysis : PCA 29 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1002/pca.2722
75 Citti, C. et al. A Metabolomic Approach Applied to a Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method (HPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS): Towards the Comprehensive Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Cannabis Medicinal Extracts. Phytochemical Analysis 29, 144-155 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1002/pca.2722
76 Citti, C. et al. Medicinal cannabis: Principal cannabinoids concentration and their stability evaluated by a high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 128, 201-209 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.033
77 Citti, C. et al. Cannabinoid Profiling of Hemp Seed Oil by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Frontiers in Plant Science (2019). https://doi.org:doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00120
78 Clarke, A. Temperature, latitude and reproductive effort. Marine Ecology 38, 89-99 (1987). DOI:10.3354/MEPS038089
79 Cogan, P. S. The 'entourage effect' or 'hodge-podge hashish': the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 13 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1080/17512433.2020.1721281
80 Contreras-Medina, L. M. et al. Smart Sensor for Real-Time Quantification of Common Symptoms Present in Unhealthy Plants. Sensors (Basel) 12, 784-805 (2012). https://doi.org:10.3390/s120100784
81 Costa, B., Trovato, A. E., Comelli, F., Giagnoni, G. & Colleoni, M. The non-psychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an orally effective therapeutic agent in rat chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. European journal of pharmacology 556, 75-83 (2007). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.006
82 CT, C. & MA, J. Cannabinoids and inflammation: implications for people living with HIV. AIDS (London, England) 33 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002345
83 CT, C. & MA, J. Acute inflammation and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Cannabidiol as a potential anti-inflammatory treatment? Cytokine & growth factor reviews 53 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.008
84 Crippa, J. A. S., Crippa, A. C. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Martin-Santos, R. & Zuardi, A. Δ9-THC Intoxication by Cannabidiol-Enriched Cannabis Extract in Two Children with Refractory Epilepsy: Full Remission after Switching to Purified Cannabidiol. Front Pharmacol. 7 (2016). https://doi.org:10.3389/fphar.2016.00359
85 Crombie, L. W., Crombie, W. M. L. & Firth, D. F. Synthesis of Bibenzyl Cannabinoids, Hybrids of Two Biogenetic Series Found in Cannabis sativa. Journal of the Chemical Society 5 (1988). https://doi.org:10.1039/p19880001263
86 Currie, H. A., Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, S. o. S. a. T., Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK, Perry, C. C. & Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, S. o. S. a. T., Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK. Silica in Plants: Biological, Biochemical and Chemical Studies. Annals of Botany 100, 1383-1389 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1093/aob/mcm247
87 Darby, H., Gupta, A., Cummings, E., Ruhl, L. & Ziegler, S. 2017 Industrial Hemp Fiber Variety Trial. (2018). https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/media/2017_Fiber_hemp_variety_trial.pdf
88 Darby, H., Ruhl, L. & Ziegler, S. 2018 Industrial Hemp Fiber Variety Trial. (2018). https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=nwcsp
89 De Backer, B. et al. Innovative development and validation of an HPLC/DAD method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of major cannabinoids in cannabis plant material. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 877, 4115-4124 (2009). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.004
90 De Backer, B., Maebe, K., Verstraete, A. G. & Charlier, C. Evolution of the content of THC and other major cannabinoids in drug-type cannabis cuttings and seedlings during growth of plants. J Forensic Sci 57, 918-922 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02068.x
91 De Filippis, D. et al. Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis. PloS one 6 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1371/journal.pone.0028159
92 De Petrocellis, L. et al. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 163, 1479-1494 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x
93 De Petrocellis, L. et al. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid‐enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. British Journal of Pharmacology 163, 1479-1494 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x
94 de Souza, C. O. et al. Palmitoleic Acid has Stronger Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Human Endothelial Cells Compared to Oleic and Palmitic Acids. Mol Nutr Food Res 62, e1800322 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1002/mnfr.201800322
95 de Zeeuw, R. A., Vree, T. B., Breimer, D. D. & van Ginneken, C. A. Cannabivarichromene, a new cannabinoid with a propyl side chain in cannabis. Experientia 29, 260-261 (1973). https://doi.org:10.1007/bf01926461
96 Delgado-Povedano, M. M., Sanchez-Carnerero Callado, C., Priego-Capote, F. & Ferreiro-Vera, C. Untargeted characterization of extracts from Cannabis sativa L. cultivars by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in high resolution mode. Talanta 208, 120384 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120384
97 DeLong, G. T., Wolf, C. E., Poklis, A. & Lichtman, A. H. Pharmacological Evaluation of the Natural Constituent of Cannabis Sativa, Cannabichromene and its Modulation by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol*. Drug Alcohol Depend 112, 126-133 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.019
98 Gray, D. J. et al. Current and Future Needs and Applications for Cannabis. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2017.1284529 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1080/07352689.2017.1284529
99 Desa, S., Osman, A. & Hyslop, R. In Silico Assessment of Drug-Like Properties of Phytocannabinoids in Cannabis Sativa. Educatum Journal of Science 4 (2017). https://doi.org:10.37134/ejsmt.vol4.2.1.2017
100 O, D. et al. Effect of Cannabidiol on Drop Seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. The New England journal of medicine 378 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1056/NEJMoa1714631
101 M, D. et al. Stable Isotope-Assisted Evaluation of Different Extraction Solvents for Untargeted Metabolomics of Plants. International journal of molecular sciences 17 (2016). https://doi.org:10.3390/ijms17071017
102 Heggen, E. et al. Plant sterols from rapeseed and tall oils: Effects on lipids, fat-soluble vitamins and plant sterol concentrations. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20, 258-265 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.001
103 Mudge, E. M., Murch, S. J. & Brown, P. N. Chemometric Analysis of Cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and Domestication Syndrome. Scientific Reports 8, 1-9 (2018). https://doi.org:doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31120-2
104 Eggers, C., Fujitani, M., Kato, R. & Smid, S. Novel cannabis flavonoid, cannflavin A displays both a hormetic and neuroprotective profile against amyloid β-mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: Comparison with geranylated flavonoids, mimulone and diplacone. Biochemical Pharmacology 169 (2019). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.011
105 Eggersdorfer, M. & Wyss, A. Carotenoids in human nutrition and health. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 652, 18-26 (2018). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.001
106 Salentijn, E. M. J., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M. & Trindade, L. M. New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding. (2015). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.011
107 Elmes, M. et al. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). The Journal of biological chemistry 290 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1074/jbc.M114.618447
108 ElSohly, M. A. & Slade, D. Chemical constituents of marijuana: The complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sciences 78, 539-548 (2005). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011
109 ElSohly, M. A. Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. (Humana Press, 2007). ISBN: 978-1-59259-947-9
110 Emboden, W. A. Cannabis: A Polytypic Genus. Economic Botany 28, 304-310 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861427
111 Perucca, E. & Bialer, M. Critical Aspects Affecting Cannabidiol Oral Bioavailability and Metabolic Elimination, and Related Clinical Implications. CNS Drugs 34, 795-800 (2020). https://doi.org:doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00741-5
112 Stockings, E. et al. Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies. Pain 159, 1932-1954 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001293
113 Small, E. W. A. & Antle, T. A Preliminary Study of Pollen Dispersal in Cannabis sativa in Relation to Wind Direction. Journal of Industrial Hemp 8 (2003). https://doi.org:10.1300/J237v08n02_03
114 Erridge S, M. N., Salazar O, Pacchetti B, Sodergren MH. Cannflavins - From plant to patient: A scoping review. Fitoterapia 146 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104712
115 Escriva, U., Andres-Costa, M. J., Andreu, V. & Pico, Y. Analysis of cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in milk, liver and hemp seed to ensure food safety. Food Chemistry 228, 177-185 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.128
116 Eubanks, L. M. et al. A Molecular Link between the Active Component of Marijuana and Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Molecular Pharmaceutics 3, 773-777 (2006). https://doi.org:10.1021/mp060066m
117 Ferber, S. G. et al. The "Entourage Effect": Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Current neuropharmacology 18 (2020). https://doi.org:10.2174/1570159X17666190903103923
118 Fischedick, J. T., Hazekamp, A., Erkelens, T., Choi, Y. H. & Verpoorte, R. Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes. Phytochemistry 71, 2058-2073 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.001
119 MA, F., C, B., J, A. & W, H. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in chronic pain associated with rheumatic diseases (fibromyalgia syndrome, back pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis): A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) 30 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00482-015-0084-3
120 Fleming, M. P. & Clarke, R. C. Physical evidence for the antiquity of Cannabis sativa L. Journal of the International Hemp Association 5, 80-92 (1998). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/
121 Flores-Sanchez, I. J., Choi, Y. H. & Verpoorte, R. Metabolite analysis of Cannabis sativa L. by NMR spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 815, 363-375 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1007/978-1-61779-424-7_27
122 Flores-Sanchez, I. J. & Verpoorte, R. Secondary metabolism in cannabis. Phytochemistry Reviews 7, 615-639 (2008). https://doi.org:10.1007/s11101-008-9094-4
123 Fontinele, L. L. et al. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of (-)-alpha-bisabolol and (-)-alpha-bisabolol/beta-Cyclodextrin complex in a chronic inflammatory pain model is associated with reduced reactive gliosis and cytokine modulation. Neurochem Int 131, 104530 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104530
124 BC, F., H, A. & CS, H. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Kinetics and Interactions. The American journal of medicine 132 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.05.017
125 Fowler, C., Jonsson, K. & Tiger, G. Fatty acid amide hydrolase: biochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic possibilities for an enzyme hydrolyzing anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, palmitoylethanolamide, and oleamide. Biochemical pharmacology 62 (2001). https://doi.org:10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00712-2
126 Franco, R. et al. Pharmacological potential of varinic-, minor-, and acidic phytocannabinoids. Pharmacological Research 158 (2020). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104801
127 Franz E. Dussy* , C. H., Marco Luginbu ̈hl, Thomas Schwerzmann, Thomas A. Briellmann. Isolation of D9 -THCA-A from hemp and analytical aspects concerning the determination of D9 -THC in cannabis products. (2004).
128 Frassinetti, S. et al. Nutraceutical potential of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and sprouts. Food Chem 262, 56-66 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.078
129 Fuller, W. H. & Norman, A. G. The retting of hemp II. Controlled retting of hemp. " Research Bulletin (Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station) 27 (1946).
130 Gao, C. et al. Diversity analysis in Cannabis sativa based on large-scale development of expressed sequence tag-derived simple sequence repeat markers. PLoS One 9, e110638 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1371/journal.pone.0110638
131 Garrido, I. et al. Effects of defoliation and water restriction on total phenols and antioxidant activities in grapes during ripening. International Journal of Vine and Wine Sciences 48, 31-42 (2014). https://doi.org:10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.1.1654
132 Gertsch, J. et al. Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (2008). https://doi.org:10.1073/pnas.0803601105
133 JA, G., V, H. & SP, M. In Metabolic Engineering of Eukaryotic Microalgae: Potential and Challenges Come with Great Diversity. Frontiers in microbiology 15 (2015). https://doi.org:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01376
134 Giovannitti, J. A., Thoms, S. M. & Crawford, J. J. Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: A Review of Current Clinical Applications. Anesth Prog 62, 31-38 (2015). https://doi.org:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
135 Giupponi, L., Leoni, V., Pavlovic, R. & Giorgi, A. Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach. Molecules 25 (2020). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules25061381
136 Glick, B. R. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Scientifica 2012 (2012). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.6064/2012/963401
137 Gonçalves, J. et al. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) 6 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3390/medicines6010031
138 Gonzalez-Cuevas, G. et al. Unique treatment potential of cannabidiol for the prevention of relapse to drug use: preclinical proof of principle. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 43 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1038/s41386-018-0050-8
139 Grafstrom, K., Andersson, K., Pettersson, N., Dalgaard, J. & Dunne, S. J. Effects of long term storage on secondary metabolite profiles of cannabis resin. Forensic Sci Int 301, 331-340 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.05.035
140 MK, G. Anti-stress neuropharmacological mechanisms and targets for addiction treatment: A translational framework. Neurobiology of stress 9 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.003
141 Grof, C. P. L. Cannabis, from plant to pill. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 84, 2463–2467 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1111/bcp.13618
142 Gross, J. H. Direct analysis in real time--a critical review on DART-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 406, 63-80 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00216-013-7316-0
143 Gugliandolo, A., Pollastro, F., Grassi, G., Bramanti, P. & Mazzon, E. Vol. 19 (International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2018).
144 Gul, W. et al. Detection and Quantification of Cannabinoids in Extracts of Cannabis sativa Roots Using LC-MS/MS. Planta Medica 84, 267-271 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1055/s-0044-100798
145 Guo, T. et al. Stilbenoids and cannabinoids from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa with potential reverse cholesterol transport activity. Food & function 9 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1039/c8fo01896k
146 CA, G. & T, C. Cannabidiol: A Brief Review of Its Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Efficacy in the Management of Joint Disease. Cureus 12 (2020). https://doi.org:10.7759/cureus.7375
147 Hagenbucher, S., Wackers, F. L. & Romeis, J. Indirect multi-trophic interactions mediated by induced plant resistance: impact of caterpillar feeding on aphid parasitoids. Biol Lett 10, 20130795 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0795
148 Hahn, S. M. Sampling Study of the Current Cannabidiol Marketplace to Determine the Extent That Products are Mislabeled or Adulterated. (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2020).
149 DC, H. et al. Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European journal of pain (London, England) 20 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1002/ejp.818
150 LO, H., SM, M., E, M., O, T.-S. & G, A. Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory. Natural product reports 33 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1039/c6np00074f
151 Hazekamp, A. & Fischedick, J. T. Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar. Drug Testing and Analysis 4, 660-667 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1002/dta.407
152 Hazekamp, A. Cannabis; extracting the medicine. (2007). https://doi.org:http://hdl.handle.net/1887/12297
153 Hazekamp, A., Bastola, K., Rashidi, H., Bender, J. & Verpoorte, R. Cannabis tea revisited: A systematic evaluation of the cannabinoid composition of cannabis tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113, 85-90 (2007). PMID: 17604926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.019
154 Hazekamp, A., Peltenburg, A., Verpoorte, R. & Giroud, C. Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Data of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 28, 2361-2382 (2007). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1080/10826070500187558
155 Hazekamp, A., Tejkalová, K. & Papadimitriou, S. Cannabis: From Cultivar to Chemovar II—A Metabolomics Approach to Cannabis Classification. https://home.liebertpub.com/can 1 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1089/can.2016.0017
156 Daily, H. I. 2020 U.S. Hemp Harvest Outlook: Top Hemp-Producting States. (2020).
157 Hillig, K. W. & Mahlberg, P. G. A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Am J Bot 91, 966-975 (2004). https://doi.org:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966
158 Hillig, K. W. Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52, 161-180 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y
159 Hopp, D. C., Belfer, I. & Shurtleff, D. Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids: What You Need To Know, <https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cannabis-marijuana-and-cannabinoids-what-you-need-to-know> (2019).
160 Hudson, D., Hudson, O. & Kovalchuk, I. Effect of irrigation and nutrient supplementation through foliar for the recovery of X59 Hempnut (Cannabis sativa) after hail damage. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology 11, 64-66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2017.06.003
161 Hwang, H., Yu, M. & Lai, E. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications. 15 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1199/tab.0186
162 Iványi, I. & Izsáki, Z. Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization on Nutrional Status of Fiber Hemp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802693466 (2009). https://doi.org:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, Vol. 40, No. 1-6, January-March 2009, pp. 974-986
163 Iwig, M. M., Callaway, M. B., Goldman, D. M. & Kester, K. L. Porous, Light Transmissive Material and Method for Using Same. (2019). US7607256B2 patents.google.com
164 Izumi, E., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Veiga Jr, V. F., Pinto, A. C. & Nakamura, C. V. Terpenes from Copaifera Demonstrated in Vitro Antiparasitic and Synergic Activity. (2012). https://doi.org:10.1021/jm201451h
165 Izzo, A. A. et al. Inhibitory effect of cannabichromene, a major non-psychotropic cannabinoid extracted from Cannabis sativa, on inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice. Br J Pharmacol 166, 1444-1460 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01879.x
166 Jamontt, J. M., Molleman, A., Pertwee, R. G. & Parsons, M. E. The effects of Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination on damage, inflammation and in vitro motility disturbances in rat colitis. British journal of pharmacology 160 (2010). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00791.x
167 Jamwal, R., Topletz, A. R., Ramratnam, B. & Akhlaghi, F. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry for simple and simultaneous quantification of cannabinoids. Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 1048, 10-18 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.007
168 Janik, P., Kosticova, M., Pecenak, J. & Turcek, M. Categorization of psychoactive substances into “hard drugs” and “soft drugs”: a critical review of terminology used in current scientific literature. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 43, 636-646 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1080/00952990.2017.1335736
169 Janik, P., Kosticova, M., Pecenak, J. & Turcek, M. Categorization of psychoactive substances into “hard drugs” and “soft drugs”: a critical review of terminology used in current scientific literature. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 43, 636-646 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1080/00952990.2017.1335736
170 Jelliffe, J., Lopez, R. & Ghimire, S. CBD Hemp Production Costs and Returns for Connecticut Farmers in 2020. (University of Connecticut, 2020). https://are.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2327/2020/03/ZwickOR66_Feb27.pdf
171 N, J., E, S., JV, W. & N, S. The growing trend of cannabidiol in skincare products. Clinics in dermatology 37 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.11.002
172 Kauppila, T. J. et al. Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry in routine analysis of confiscated drugs. Forensic Science International 210, 206-212 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.018
173 Kiyokawa, K. et al. Construction of Disarmed Ti Plasmids Transferable between Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium Species. (2009). https://doi.org:10.1128/AEM.01856-08
174 Kokate, A., Li, X. & Jasti, B. In silico prediction of drug permeability across buccal mucosa. AAPS PharmSciTech Vol. 9 501-504 (2008). Pharmaceutical Research, 30 Jan 2009, 26(5):1130-1139 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9831-4 PMID: 19184372
175 Koltai, H., Poulin, P. & Namdar, D. Promoting cannabis products to pharmaceutical drugs. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 132 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.027
176 Kondić, D. et al. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Populations from Banja Luka Area (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Agronomy 11, 239 (2021). https://doi.org:10.3390/agronomy11020239
177 Kotilainen, T. et al. Patterns in the spectral composition of sunlight and biologically meaningful spectral photon ratios as affected by atmospheric factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 291, 108041 (2020). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108041
178 Kroeze, W., Sheffler, D. & Roth, B. G-protein-coupled receptors at a glance. (2003). https://doi.org:10.1242/jcs.00902
179 Laane, H. M. The Effects of Foliar Sprays with Different Silicon Compounds. Plants (Basel). 2018 Jun; 7(2): 45. doi: 10.3390/plants7020045
180 Lafaye, G., Karila, L., Blecha, L. & Benyamina, A. Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience 19, 309-316 (2017). https://doi.org:10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/glafaye
181 Laprairie, R. B., Bagher, A. M., Kelly, M. E. & Denovan-Wright, E. M. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. British journal of pharmacology 172 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.13250
182 Larry, K. Government mix-up, shutdown, led to hemp hauling driver’s arrest. Fleet Owner (2019). https://www.fleetowner.com/news/regulations/article/21703569/government-mixup-shutdown-led-to-hemp-hauling-drivers-arrest
183 Larsen, C. & Shahinas, J. Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Journal of clinical medicine research 12 (2020). https://doi.org:10.14740/jocmr4090
184 Lauersen, K. Eukaryotic microalgae as hosts for light-driven heterologous isoprenoid production. Planta 249 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00425-018-3048-x
185 Drotleff, L. in Hemp Industry Daily (2020).
186 Laure, C., Sabina, B., Rigal, L., Valerie, S. & Raynaud, C. Thermo-mechano-chemical extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids from industrial hemp by-products using a twin-screw extruder. (2017). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.044
187 Lazarjani, M. P. et al. Methods for quantification of cannabinoids: a narrative review. Journal of Cannabis Research 2, 1-10 (2020). https://doi.org:doi:10.1186/s42238-020-00040-2
188 Lewis, M. M., Yang, Y., Wasilewski, E., Clarke, H. A. & Kotra, L. P. Chemical Profiling of Medical Cannabis Extracts. ACS Omega 2, 6091-6103 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1021/acsomega.7b00996
189 Yang, L. et al. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules 23, 762 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules23040762
190 Ligresti, A., De Petrocellis, L. & Di Marzo, V. From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology. Physiological reviews 96 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1152/physrev.00002.2016
191 Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W. & Feeney, P. J. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 46, 3-26 (2001). https://doi.org:10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00129-0
192 Liu, M. et al. Effect of harvest time and field retting duration on the chemical composition, morphology and mechanical properties of hemp fibers. Industrial Crops and Products 69, 29-39 (2015).
193 Lu, H.-C. & Mackie, K. An Introduction to the Endogenous Cannabinoid System. Biological Psychiatry 79, 516-525 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.028
194 Luyckx, M., Hausman, J. F., Lutts, S. & Guerriero, G. Silicon and Plants: Current Knowledge and Technological Perspectives. Front Plant Sci 8 (2017). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2017.00411
195 Lynch, M. E. & Campbell, F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 72, 735-744 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x
196 Lynch, R. C. et al. Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis. (2015). https://doi.org:10.1101/034314
197 Lyu, D., Backer, R., Robinson, W. G. & Smith, D. L. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Cannabis Production: Yield, Cannabinoid Profile and Disease Resistance. Front Microbiol 10 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01761
198 Magagnini, G., Grassi, G. & Kotiranta, S. The Effect of Light Spectrum on the Morphology and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids 1, 19-27 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1159/000489030
199 Malik, Z., Baik, D. & Schey, R. The role of cannabinoids in regulation of nausea and vomiting, and visceral pain. Current gastroenterology reports 17 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1007/s11894-015-0429-1
200 Mark, T. S., Jonathan; Olson, David; Snell, William; Proper, Susan; Thornsbury, Suzanne. Economic Viability of Industrial Hemp in the United States: A Review of State Pilot Programs (ed U.S. Department of Agriculture) (Economic Research Service, 2020).
201 Marques, F. M. et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of terpenes via suppression of superoxide and nitric oxide generation and the NF-κB signalling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 27 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1007/s10787-018-0483-z
202 Martini, L. G., Avontuur, P., George, A., Willson, R. J. & Crowley, P. J. Solubility parameter and oral absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 48, 259-263 (1999). https://doi.org:10.1016/s0939-6411(99)00055-7
203 Tura, M., Mandrioli, M. & Toschi, T. G. Preliminary Study: Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Cannabidiol (CBD) and α-Tocopherol Added to Refined Olive and Sunflower Oils. Molecules 24, 3485 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules24193485
204 McDonagh MS, Selph SS, Buckley DI, et al. Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 228.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556277/
205 McGregor, I. S. et al. Access to cannabidiol without a prescription: A cross-country comparison and analysis. The International journal on drug policy 85 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102935
206 JM, M. & E, S. A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives. PhytoKeys 144 (2020). https://doi.org:10.3897/phytokeys.144.46700
207 McPartland, J. M. & Guy, G. W. Models of Cannabis Taxonomy, Cultural Bias, and Conflicts between Scientific and Vernacular Names. 83, 327-382 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1007/s12229-017-9187-0
208 R, M. & S, B.-S. From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: the ongoing story of cannabis. Natural product reports 16 (1999). https://doi.org:10.1039/a703973e
209 Mechoulam, R. Cannabis - the Israeli perspective. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 27, 181-187 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0091
210 Mechoulam, R., Maximilian, P., Murillo-Rodriguez, E. & Hanus, L. O. Cannabidiol – Recent Advances - Mechoulam - 2007 - Chemistry & Biodiversity - Wiley Online Library. Chemistry and Biodiversity 4 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1002/cbdv.200790147
211 Mediavilla, V., Jonquera, M., Schmid-Slembrouck, I. & Soldati, A. Decimal code for growth stages of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Journal of the International Hemp Association 5, 68-74 (1998). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228540733_Decimal_code_for_growth_stages_of_hemp_Cannabis_sativa_L
212 Meehan-Atrash, J., Luo, W. & Strongin, R. M. Toxicant Formation in Dabbing: The Terpene Story. ACS Omega 2, 6112-6117 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1021/acsomega.7b01130
213 Meijer, E. P. M. d. & Keizer, L. C. P. Variation of Cannabis for phenological development and stem elongation in relation to stem production. Field Crops Research 38, 37-46 (1994). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)90030-2
214 Meijer, E. & Hammond, K. The inheritance of chemical phenotype in Cannabis sativa L. (II): Cannabigerol predominant plants. Euphytica 145, 189-198 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1007/s10681-005-1164-8
215 Mercuri, A. M., Accorsi, C. A. & Mazzanti, M. B. The long history of Cannabis and its cultivation by the Romans in central Italy, shown by pollen records from Lago Albano and Lago di Nemi. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11, 263-276 (2002). https://doi.org:10.1007/s003340200039
216 J, M. et al. Identification of Psychoactive Degradants of Cannabidiol in Simulated Gastric and Physiological Fluid. Cannabis and cannabinoid research 1 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1089/can.2015.0004
217 SA, M., NL, S., AS, Y. & SE, O. S. A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans. Frontiers in pharmacology 9 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3389/fphar.2018.01365
218 Moes, J., A. Sturko, and R. Przybylski. Agronomic Research on Hemp in Manitoba. J. Janick (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA., 300–305 (1999).
219 Moliterni, V. M. C., Cattivelli, L., Ranalli, P. & Mandolino, G. The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study. Euphytica 140, 95-106 (2004). https://doi.org:10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7
220 Montone, C. M. et al. Improved identification of phytocannabinoids using a dedicated structure-based workflow. Talanta 219 (2020). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121310.
221 JS, M., JA, S., CA, D. & RP, D. The role of cannabinoids in dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 77 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.056
222 M, M., T, P., L, R., F, P. & W, H. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 3 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2
223 Mudd, S. J. A., H.S. Image analysis protocol for detecting and counting viable and inviable pollen grains. J. Plant Studies 1, 158-167 (2012).
224 Murari, G., Lombardi, S., Puccini, A. M. & Sanctis, R. D. Influence of environmental conditions on tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta ('9) TCH) in different cultivars on Cannabis sativa L. (1983).
225 Mushtaq, M. Y., Choi, Y. H., Verpoorte, R. & Wilson, E. G. Extraction for Metabolomics: Access to The Metabolome. Phytochemical Analysis 25, 291-306 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1002/pca.2505
226 Musty, R. E. & Deyo, R. A. in 16th Annual Symposium of the Cannabinoids. (International Cannabinoid Research Society).
227 Nadal, X. et al. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity. British journal of pharmacology 174 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.14019
228 DU, N., K, C., F, M., S, S. & S, D. A. Chemical Characterization of Leaves, Male and Female Flowers from Spontaneous Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Growing in Hungary. Chemistry & biodiversity 16 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1002/cbdv.201800562
229 Nallathambi, R. et al. Identification of Synergistic Interaction Between Cannabis-Derived Compounds for Cytotoxic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Colon Polyps That Induces Apoptosis-Related Cell Death and Distinct Gene Expression. https://home.liebertpub.com/can (2018). https://doi.org:10.1089/can.2018.0010
230 Namdar, D., Mazuz, M., Ion, A. & Koltai, H. Variation in the compositions of cannabinoid and terpenoids in Cannabis sativa derived from inflorescence position along the stem and extraction methods. (2018). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.01.060
231 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Jan 12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK423845/ doi: 10.17226/24625
232 Neal, P. R. & Anderson, G. J. Does the ‘Old Bag’ Make a Good ‘Wind Bag’?: Comparison of Four Fabrics Commonly Used as Exclusion Bags in Studies of Pollination and Reproductive Biology. Annals of botany 93, 603-607 (2004). https://doi.org:10.1093/aob/mch068
233 Nie, B., Henion, J. & Ryona, I. The Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Cannabis Industry. Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 30, 719-730 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1007/s13361-019-02164-z
234 Ohto, C., Muramatsu, M., Obata, S., Sakuradani, E. & Shimizu, S. Overexpression of the gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of prenyl alcohols. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 82, 837-845 (2009). https://doi.org:doi:10.1007/s00253-008-1807-5
235 Olson, D. & Thornsbury, S. (ed Economic Research Service) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, usda.gov, 2019). https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/95930/eib-217.pdf
236 Peetla, P., Schenzel, K. C. & Diepenbrock, W. Determination of Mechanical Strength Properties of Hemp Fibers Using Near-Infrared Fourier Transform Raman Microspectroscopy:. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370206777670602 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1366_000370206777670602
237 Pagani, A., Scala, F., Chianese, G. & Grassi, G. Cannabioxepane, a novel tetracyclic cannabinoid from hemp, Cannabis sativa L. | Alberto Pagani | Request PDF. (2011). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/
238 Pagnani, G. et al. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Cannabis sativa ‘Finola’ cultivation: An alternative fertilization strategy to improve plant growth and quality characteristics. Industrial crops and products 123, 75-83 (2018). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.033
239 Pakarinen, A., Zhang, J., Brock, T., Maijala, P. & Viikari, L. Enzymatic accessibility of fiber hemp is enhanced by enzymatic or chemical removal of pectin. Bioresour Technol 107, 275-281 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.101
240 B, P. et al. Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) reduces adiposity and prevents metabolic disease caused by diet-induced obesity. Biochemical pharmacology 171 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113693
241 Palomero-Gallagher, N. & Zilles, K. in Handbook of Clinical Neurology 355-387 (Elsevier, 2018).
242 PAPASTYLIANOU, P., KAKABOUKI, I., & TRAVLOS, I. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, 197-201 (2018). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46110862
243 Parker, L., Rock, E. & Limebeer, C. Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. British journal of pharmacology 163 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x
244 Paronis, C. A., Nikas, S. P., Shukla, V. G. & Makriyannis, A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist/antagonist in mice. Behavioural Pharmacology 23, 802-805 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32835a7c4d
245 KS, P., DC, H., RU, A., S, V. & AL, S. Cannabidiol bioavailability after nasal and transdermal application: effect of permeation enhancers. Drug development and industrial pharmacy 36 (2010). https://doi.org:10.3109/03639041003657295
246 Pędzińska-Betiuk, A. et al. Chronic cannabidiol treatment reduces the carbachol-induced coronary constriction and left ventricular cardiomyocyte width of the isolated hypertensive rat heart. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 411 (2021). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115368
247 Pellati, F. et al. Cannabis sativa L. and Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoids: Their Chemistry and Role against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer BioMed Research International 2018, 1691428 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1155/2018/1691428
248 Pellati, F. et al. New Methods for the Comprehensive Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). Molecules 23 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules23102639
249 Perera, P. I., Quintero, M., Dedicova, B., Kularatne, J. D. & Ceballos, H. Comparative morphology, biology and histology of reproductive development in three lines of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae: Crotonoideae). AoB Plants 5, pls046 (2013). https://doi.org:10.1093/aobpla/pls046
250 RG, P. et al. Cannabidiolic acid methyl ester, a stable synthetic analogue of cannabidiolic acid, can produce 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated suppression of nausea and anxiety in rats. British journal of pharmacology 175 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.14073
251 Pertwee, R. G. The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol. Cannabinoids (ed V. Di Marzo) 32-83 (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004).
252 Pertwee, R. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology 153 (2008). https://doi.org:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442
253 HT, P., M, O. & JJ, M. Attenuation of early phase inflammation by cannabidiol prevents pain and nerve damage in rat osteoarthritis. Pain 158 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001052
254 Pollastro, F. et al. Bioactive prenylogous cannabinoid from fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa). J Nat Prod 74, 2019-2022 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1021/np200500p
255 Pollio, A. The Name ofCannabis: A Short Guide for Nonbotanists. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 1, 234-238 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1089/can.2016.0027
256 C, P., M, B., D, N. & H, K. Structure-Activity Relationship of Cannabis Derived Compounds for the Treatment of Neuronal Activity-Related Diseases. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 23 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules23071526
257 Punja, Z. K. & Holmes, J. E. Hermaphroditism in Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences – Impact on Floral Morphology, Seed Formation, Progeny Sex Ratios, and Genetic Variation. Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (2020). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2020.00718
258 Purnell, R. C., Morrow, D. F. & Burris, L. C. Methods for modulating strobili development in gymnosperm trees. (2014).
259 Rea, K. A. et al. Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. Phytochemistry 164, 162-171 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009
260 Renner, S. S. & Ricklefs, R. E. Dioecy and Its Correlates in the Flowering Plants. 82, 596 (1995). https://doi.org:10.2307/2445418
261 Richins, R. D., Rodriguez-Uribe, L., Lowe, K., Ferral, R. & O’Connell, M. A. Accumulation of bioactive metabolites in cultivated medical Cannabis. PLoS One Vol. 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201119
262 Rock, E. M. et al. Interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (CBG) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in rats and shrews. Psychopharmacology 215 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00213-010-2157-4
263 Rock, E. et al. Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-HT(1A) somatodendritic autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. British journal of pharmacology 165 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01621.x
264 Rodriguez-Morrison, V., Llewellyn, D. & Zheng, Y. Cannabis Yield, Potency, and Leaf Photosynthesis Respond Differently to Increasing Light Levels in an Indoor Environment. Frontiers in plant science 12, 646020-646020 (2021). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2021.646020
265 Romano, B. et al. The cannabinoid TRPA1 agonist cannabichromene inhibits nitric oxide production in macrophages and ameliorates murine colitis. British journal of pharmacology 169 (2013). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.12120
266 Roser, P., Vollenweider, F. X. & Kawohl, W. Potential antipsychotic properties of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 11 (2010). https://doi.org:10.3109/15622970801908047
267 Ross, S. A. et al. Flavonoid glycosides and cannabinoids from the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. Phytochem Anal 16, 45-48 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1002/pca.809
268 Ross, S. A., Mehmedic, Z., Murphy, T. P. & Elsohly, M. A. GC-MS analysis of the total delta9-THC content of both drug- and fiber-type cannabis seeds. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 24, 715-717 (2000). https://doi.org:10.1093/jat/24.8.715
269 Brenneisen, R. Chemistry and Analysis of Phytocannabinoids and Other Cannabis Constituents. In: ElSohly M.A. (eds) Marijuana and the Cannabinoids, 17-49 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1007/978-1-59259-947-9_2
270 Russo, E. B. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 163, 1344-1364 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
271 Russo, E. B. History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet. Chemistry & biodiversity 4 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1002/cbdv.200790144
272 Russo, E. B. The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain. Frontiers in plant science 9 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2018.01969
273 Chandra, S., Lata, H., Mehmadic, Z., Khan, I. & ElSohly, M. Variations in Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Water Use and Cannabinoid Contents in Field Grown Drug Type Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Planta Medica 77 (2011). https://doi.org:10.1055/s-0031-1273536
274 Agurell, S. et al. Interactions of Δ 1 1-tetrahydrocannabinol with cannabinol and cannabidiol following oral administration in man. Assay of cannabinol and cannabidiol by mass fragmentographywith cannabinol and cannabidiol following oral administration in man. Assay of cannabinol and cannabidiol by mass fragmentography. Experientia 37, 1090-1092 (1981). https://doi.org:doi:10.1007/BF02085029
275 J, S.-R. The entourage effect of the phytocannabinoids. Annals of neurology 77 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1002/ana.24402
276 Sankari, H. S. Comparison of bast fibre yield and mechanical fibre properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars. Industrial Crops and Products 11, 73-84 (2000). https://doi.org:10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00038-2
277 Schaller , J. et al. Silica uptake from nanoparticles and silica condensation state in different tissues of Phragmites australis. Science of The Total Environment 442, 6-9 (2013). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.016
278 Schicho, R. & Storr, M. Topical and systemic cannabidiol improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice. Pharmacology 89 (2012). https://doi.org:10.1159/000336871
279 NHB, S., JC, D., B, M., AP, W. & MF, J. Combined tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol to treat pain in epidermolysis bullosa: a report of three cases. The British journal of dermatology 180 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1111/bjd.17341
280 Shahzad, N. et al. Phytosterols as a natural anticancer agent: Current status and future perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 88, 786-794 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.068
281 Shamran, H. et al. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) blockade ameliorates experimental colitis by altering microRNA expression and suppressing inflammation. Brain, behavior, and immunity 59 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.06.008
282 Shani, A. Y., B. & Mechoulam, R. Hashish components. Photochemical production of cannabicyclol from cannabichromene. Tetrahedron Letters 55, 5771-5772 (1968). PMID: 5697175 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76346-5
283 Shapira, A., Berman, P., Futoran, K., Guberman, O. & Meiri, D. Tandem Mass Spectrometric Quantification of 93 Terpenoids in Cannabis Using Static Headspace Injections. Anal Chem 91, 11425-11432 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02844
284 Sikora, V., Berenji, J. & Latkovic´, D. Variability and interrelation of yield components in fiber hemp. Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo 48, 107-112 (2011). https://doi.org:10.5937/ratpov1101107S
285 Singh, P., Yoon, S. & Kuo, B. Nausea: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutics. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/10.1177/1756283X15618131 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1177_1756283X15618131
286 Singha, P. & Muthukumarappan, K. Quality changes and freezing time prediction during freezing and thawing of ginger. Food Sci Nutr 4, 521-533 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1002/fsn3.314
287 JW, S., CM, D., Z, C. & J, E. Use of cannabidiol in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA 60 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.008
288 Small, E. Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization | SpringerLink. The Botanical Review 81, 189-294 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1007/s12229-015-9157-3
289 Small, E. & Cronquist, A. A Practical and Natural Taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25, 405-435 (1976). https://doi.org:10.2307/1220524
290 Small, E. & Naraine, S. G. U. Expansion of female sex organs in response to prolonged virginity in Cannabis sativa (marijuana). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63, 339-348 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1007/s10722-015-0253-3
291 Soethoudt, M. et al. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptor ligand profiling reveals biased signalling and off-target activity. Nature communications 8 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1038/ncomms13958
292 Spicer, A. & Molnar, A. Gene Editing of Microalgae: Scientific Progress and Regulatory Challenges in Europe. Biology 7 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3390/biology7010021
293 Spitzer-Rimon, B., Duchin, S., Bernstein, N. & Kamenetsky, R. Architecture and Florogenesis in Female Cannabis sativa Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 350 (2019). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2019.00350
294 Stančić, A. et al. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 protects against intestinal inflammation. Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society 27 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1111/nmo.12639
295 Stolker, A. A. et al. Determination of cannabinoids in cannabis products using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1058, 143-151 (2004). PMID: 15595662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.089
296 NL, S., AJ, M., TJ, E. & SE, O. S. A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential. British journal of pharmacology 177 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.15185
297 Stone, N. L., Murphy, A. J., England, T. J. & O'Sullivan, S. E. A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential. British Journal of Pharmacology (2020). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.15185
298 Tang, K. et al. A comprehensive study of planting density and nitrogen fertilization effect on dual-purpose hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation. Industrial crops and products 107, 427-438 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.06.033
299 Tang, K. et al. Comparing hemp Cannabis sativa L cultivars for dual purpose - Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB). (2016). https://doi.org:doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.04.026
300 Taofiq, O., González-Paramás, A. M., Barreiro, M. F. & Ferreira, I. C. Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Their Derivatives: Cosmeceutical Significance, Challenges and Future Perspectives, a Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 22 (2017). https://doi.org:10.3390/molecules22020281
301 Taura, F., Sirikantaramas, S., Shoyama, Y., Yoshikai, K. & Shoyama, Y. Cannabidiolic‐acid synthase, the chemotype‐determining enzyme in the fiber‐type Cannabis sativa. FEBS Letters 581, 2929-2934 (2007). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.043
302 Tayyab, M. & Shahwar, D. GCMS analysis of Cannabis sativa L. from four different areas of Pakistan. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 5, 114-125 (2015). https://doi.org:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2014.07.008
303 Theis, N. & Lerdau, M. The Evolution of Function in Plant Secondary Metabolites. International Journal of Plant Science 164, S93-S102 (2003). https://doi.org:1058-5893/2003/16403S-0007
304 Thomas A, Baillie GL, Phillips AM, Razdan RK, Ross RA, Pertwee RG. Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Mar;150(5):613-23. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707133. Epub 2007 Jan 22. PMID: 17245363; PMCID: PMC2189767.
305 Thomas, F., Schmidt, C. & Kayser, O. Bioengineering studies and pathway modeling of the heterologous biosynthesis of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in yeast. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 104 (2020). https://doi.org:10.1007/s00253-020-10798-3
306 Toth, J. A. et al. Limited effect of environmental stress on cannabinoid profiles in high‐cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). GCB Bioenergy 13, 1666-1674 (2021). https://doi.org:10.1111/gcbb.12880
307 Trigg, S.-A. Development of gas and liquid chromatographic methods for the separation and quantification of 11 cannabinoids Bachelor of Science thesis, Murdoch University, (2017). https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40074/1/Trigg2017.pdf
308 Tudurí, E. et al. GPR55: a new promising target for metabolism? Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 58, R191-R202 (2017). https://doi.org:10.1530/jme-16-0253
309 Udoh, M., Santiago, M., Devenish, S., McGregor, I. S. & Connor, M. Cannabichromene is a cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol (2019). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.14815
310 Mediavilla, V., Leupin, M. & Keller, A. Influence of the growth stage of industrial hemp on the yield formation in relation to certain fibre quality traits. (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00052-2
311 Vickers, C. E., Gershenzon, J., Lerdau, M. T. & Loreto, F. A unified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress. Nat Chem Biol 5, 283-291 (2009). https://doi.org:10.1038/nchembio.158
312 Vickers, C., Bongers, M., Liu, Q., Delatte, T. & Bouwmeester, H. Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. Plant, Cell & Environment 37 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1111/pce.12316
313 www.votehemp.com, V. H. 2020 Hemp Crop Report. (2021).
314 Wang, G. S. Cannabis (marijuana): Acute intoxication - UpToDate, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cannabis-marijuana-acute-intoxication> (2020).
315 Wang, G. Recent progress in secondary metabolism of plant glandular trichomes. Plant Biotechnology 31, 353-361 (2014). https://doi.org:http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0701a
316 Wang, G. et al. Terpene Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes of Hop. Plant Physiology 148, 1254-1266 (2008). https://doi.org:10.1104/pp.108.125187
317 Wang, Y. H. et al. Quantitative Determination of Delta9-THC, CBG, CBD, Their Acid Precursors and Five Other Neutral Cannabinoids by UHPLC-UV-MS. Planta Med 84, 260-266 (2018). https://doi.org:10.1055/s-0043-124873
318 SJ, W. et al. Cannabidiol inhibits paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain through 5-HT(1A) receptors without diminishing nervous system function or chemotherapy efficacy. British journal of pharmacology 171 (2014). https://doi.org:10.1111/bph.12439
319 Watkins, A.R. (2019) Cannabinoid Interactions with Ion Channels and Receptors. Channels (Austin), 13, 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/19336950.2019.1615824
320 Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F. & Deshpande, S. Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 313, 2456-2473 (2015). https://doi.org:10.1001/jama.2015.6358
321 Whittington, G. & Gordon, A. D. The Differentiation of the pollen of Cannabis sativa L. from that of Humulus lupulus L. Pollen et spores 29, 111-120 (1986). ISSN : 0375-9636
322 Williams, Timothy. A Cannabis Extract Won't Get You High, but It Might Get You Arrested: [National Desk]. New York Times (New York, N.Y., 2019). ISSN 03624331
323 Winklmayr, M. et al. Dose‐Dependent Cannabidiol‐Induced Elevation of Intracellular Calcium and Apoptosis in Human Articular Chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 37 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1002/jor.24430
324 Woolridge, E. et al. Cannabis Use in HIV for Pain and Other Medical Symptoms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 29, 358-367 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011
325 Woolridge, E. et al. Cannabis Use in HIV for Pain and Other Medical Symptoms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 29, 358-367 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011
326 Woolridge, E. et al. Cannabis Use in HIV for Pain and Other Medical Symptoms. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 29, 358-367 (2005). https://doi.org:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011
327 Zager, J. J., Lange, I., Srividya, N., Smith, A. & Lange, B. M. Gene Networks Underlying Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Accumulation in Cannabis. Plant Physiology (2019). https://doi.org:10.1104/pp.18.01506
328 Zain, M. & Bonin, R. P. Alterations in evoked and spontaneous activity of dorsal horn wide dynamic range neurons in pathological pain: a systematic review and analysis. Pain 160 (2019). https://doi.org:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001632
329 Zhang, Q. et al. Latitudinal Adaptation and Genetic Insights Into the Origins of Cannabis sativa L. Front Plant Sci 9, 1876 (2018). https://doi.org:10.3389/fpls.2018.01876
330 Zurier, R. B. & Burstein, S. H. Cannabinoids, inflammation, and fibrosis. Faseb j 30, 3682-3689 (2016). https://doi.org:10.1096/fj.201600646R
—----End of master reference list as of 2021—----
331 Characterizing the Smell of Marijuana by Odor Impact of Volatile Compounds: An Application of Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis | PLOS ONE. (2022). https://doi.org:10.1371/journal.pone.0144160
—----End of master reference list as of 11/13/2022—----
References for only horticulture/CBD-hemp focused master's thesis published May 2022 (57 citations total): Understanding the phytochemistry of high-CBD hemp: Efficacy of common row cover materials for pollen exclusion and impact on flower chemistry:
1 Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F. & Deshpande, S. Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 313, 2456-2473, doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358 (2015).
2 Larsen, C. & Shahinas, J. Dosage, Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Administration in Adults: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Journal of clinical medicine research 12, doi:10.14740/jocmr4090 (2020).
3 Ferber, S. G. et al. The "Entourage Effect": Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Current neuropharmacology 18, doi:10.2174/1570159X17666190903103923 (2020).
4 Franco, R. et al. Pharmacological potential of varinic-, minor-, and acidic phytocannabinoids. Pharmacological Research 158, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104801 (2020).
5 Gonçalves, J. et al. Cannabis and Its Secondary Metabolites: Their Use as Therapeutic Drugs, Toxicological Aspects, and Analytical Determination. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) 6, doi:10.3390/medicines6010031 (2019).
6 Larry, K. Government mix-up, shutdown, led to hemp hauling driver’s arrest. Fleet Owner (2019).
7 Williams, T. in New York Times (New York, N.Y., 2019).
8 Drotleff, L. in Hemp Industry Daily (2020).
9 Daily, H. I. 2020 U.S. Hemp Harvest Outlook: Top Hemp-Producting States. (2020).
10 (ed U.S. Department of Agriculture) 5596-5691 (Agricultural Marketing Service, 2021).
11 www.votehemp.com, V. H. 2020 Hemp Crop Report (2021).
12 Lynch, R. C. et al. Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis. doi:10.1101/034314 (2015).
13 Hopp, D. C., Belfer, I. & Shurtleff, D. Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids: What You Need To Know, <https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cannabis-marijuana-andcannabinoids-what-you-need-to-know> (2019).
14 Desa, S., Osman, A. & Hyslop, R. In Silico Assessment of Drug-Like Properties of Phytocannabinoids in Cannabis Sativa. Educatum Journal of Science 4,
doi:10.37134/ejsmt.vol4.2.1.2017 (2017).
15 De Petrocellis, L. et al. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 163, 1479-1494, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x (2011).
16 Stone, N. L., Murphy, A. J., England, T. J. & O'Sullivan, S. E. A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential. British Journal of Pharmacology, doi:10.1111/bph.15185 (2020).
17 Andrade-Ochoa, S. et al. In vitro and in silico studies of terpenes, terpenoids and related compounds with larvicidal and pupaecidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Chemistry Central journal 12, doi:10.1186/s13065-018-0425-2 (2018).
18 Campos-Xolalpa, N., Pérez-Gutiérrez, S., Pérez-González, C., Mendoza-Pérez, J. & Alonso-Castro, A. J. in Anticancer Plants: Natural Products and Biotechnological Implements Vol. 2 (ed M. K. Swamy M. S. Akhtar) Ch. 8, 163-205 (Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018).
19 Angelini, P. et al. in Anticancer Plants: Natural Products and Biotechnological Implements Vol. 2 (ed M. K. Swamy M. S. Akhtar) Ch. 9, 207-232 (Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2018).
20 Marques, F. M. et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of terpenes via suppression of superoxide and nitric oxide generation and the NF-κB signalling pathway. Inflammopharmacology 27, doi:10.1007/s10787-018-0483-z (2019).
21 Izumi, E., Ueda-Nakamura, T., Veiga Jr, V. F., Pinto, A. C. & Nakamura, C. V. Terpenes from Copaifera Demonstrated in Vitro Antiparasitic and Synergic Activity. doi:10.1021/jm201451h (2012).
22 Eggers, C., Fujitani, M., Kato, R. & Smid, S. Novel cannabis flavonoid, cannflavin A displays both a hormetic and neuroprotective profile against amyloid β-mediated neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: Comparison with geranylated flavonoids, mimulone and diplacone. Biochemical Pharmacology 169, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.011 (2019).
23 Barrett, M. L., Gordon, D. & Evans, F. J. Isolation from cannabis sativa L. of cannflavin—a novel inhibitor of prostaglandin production. Biochemical Pharmacology 34, 2019-2024, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(85)90325-9 (1985).
24 Allegrone, G. et al. The Bibenzyl Canniprene Inhibits the Production of ProInflammatory Eicosanoids and Selectively Accumulates in Some Cannabis sativa Strains. Journal of natural products 80, doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01126 (2017).
25 Guo, T. et al. Stilbenoids and cannabinoids from the leaves of Cannabis sativa f. sativa with potential reverse cholesterol transport activity. Food & function 9, doi:10.1039/c8fo01896k (2018).
26 Andre, C. M., Larondelle, Y. & Evers, D. Dietary Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress from a Human and Plant Perspective: A Review. Current Nutrition & Food Science 6, doi:10.2174/157340110790909563 (2010).
27 Taofiq, O., González-Paramás, A. M., Barreiro, M. F. & Ferreira, I. C. Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Their Derivatives: Cosmeceutical Significance, Challenges and Future Perspectives, a Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 22, doi:10.3390/molecules22020281 (2017).
28 Laure, C., Sabina, B., Rigal, L., Valerie, S. & Raynaud, C. Thermo-mechano-chemical extraction of hydroxycinnamic acids from industrial hemp by-products using a twinscrew extruder. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.044 (2017).
29 Russo, E. B. The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain. Frontiers in plant science 9, doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01969 (2019).
30 Nallathambi, R. et al. Identification of Synergistic Interaction Between Cannabis-Derived Compounds for Cytotoxic Activity in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Colon Polyps That Induces Apoptosis-Related Cell Death and Distinct Gene Expression. https://home.liebertpub.com/can, doi:10.1089/can.2018.0010 (2018).
31 Russo, E. B. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 163, 1344-1364, doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x (2011).
32 Koltai, H., Poulin, P. & Namdar, D. Promoting cannabis products to pharmaceutical drugs. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 132, doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.027 (2019).
33 Ben-Shabat, S. et al. An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. European journal of pharmacology 353, doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00392-6 (1998).
34 Azeredo, C. M. O. & Soares, M. J. Combination of the essential oil constituents citral, eugenol and thymol enhance their inhibitory effect on Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma cruzi growth. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 23, 762-768, doi:10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500007 (2013).
35 Cogan, P. S. The 'entourage effect' or 'hodge-podge hashish': the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 13, doi:10.1080/17512433.2020.1721281 (2020).
36 Meehan-Atrash, J., Luo, W. & Strongin, R. M. Toxicant Formation in Dabbing: The Terpene Story. ACS Omega 2, 6112-6117, doi:10.1021/acsomega.7b01130 (2017).
37 Laprairie, R. B., Bagher, A. M., Kelly, M. E. & Denovan-Wright, E. M. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. British journal of pharmacology 172, doi:10.1111/bph.13250 (2015).
38 Thomas, A. et al. in Br J Pharmacol Vol. 150 613-623 (2007).
39 Roser, P., Vollenweider, F. X. & Kawohl, W. Potential antipsychotic properties of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonists. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 11, doi:10.3109/15622970801908047 (2010).
40 Pertwee, R. G. in Cannabinoids (ed V. Di Marzo) 32-83 (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004).
41 Paronis, C. A., Nikas, S. P., Shukla, V. G. & Makriyannis, A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist/antagonist in mice. Behavioural Pharmacology 23, 802-805, doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32835a7c4d (2012).
42 Bolognini, D. et al. Cannabidiolic acid prevents vomiting in Suncus murinus and nauseainduced behaviour in rats by enhancing 5-HT1A receptor activation. British journal of pharmacology 168, doi:10.1111/bph.12043 (2013).
43 Pertwee, R. The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. British journal of pharmacology 153, doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442 (2008).
44 Campbell, B. J., Berrada, A. F., Hudalla, C., Amaducci, S. & McKay, J. K. Genotype × Environment Interactions of Industrial Hemp Cultivars Highlight Diverse Responses to Environmental Factors. Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment 2, 180057, doi:10.2134/age2018.11.0057 (2019).
45 Nie, B., Henion, J. & Ryona, I. The Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Cannabis Industry. Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 30, 719-730, doi:10.1007/s13361-019-02164-z (2019).
46 Lafaye, G., Karila, L., Blecha, L. & Benyamina, A. Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 19, 309-316, doi:10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/glafaye (2017).
47 Lazarjani, M. P. et al. Methods for quantification of cannabinoids: a narrative review. Journal of Cannabis Research 2, 1-10, doi:doi:10.1186/s42238-020-00040-2 (2020).
48 Andre, C. M., Hausman, J.-F. & Guerriero, G. Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00019 (2016).
49 Janik, P., Kosticova, M., Pecenak, J. & Turcek, M. Categorization of psychoactive substances into “hard drugs” and “soft drugs”: a critical review of terminology used in current scientific literature. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 43, 636-646, doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1335736 (2017).
50 Chandra, S., Lata, H., Mehmadic, Z., Khan, I. & ElSohly, M. Variations in Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Water Use and Cannabinoid Contents in Field Grown Drug Type Varieties of Cannabis sativa L. Planta Medica 77, doi:10.1055/s-0031-1273536 (2011).
51 Pollio, A. The Name ofCannabis: A Short Guide for Nonbotanists. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 1, 234-238, doi:10.1089/can.2016.0027 (2016).
52 Moliterni, V. M. C., Cattivelli, L., Ranalli, P. & Mandolino, G. The sexual differentiation of Cannabis sativa L.: A morphological and molecular study. Euphytica 140, 95-106, doi:10.1007/s10681-004-4758-7 (2004).
53 Kondić, D. et al. Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Populations from Banja Luka Area (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Agronomy 11, 239, doi:10.3390/agronomy11020239 (2021).
54 Wang, G. et al. Terpene Biosynthesis in Glandular Trichomes of Hop. Plant Physiology 148, 1254-1266, doi:10.1104/pp.108.125187 (2008).
55 Small, E. W. A. & Antle, T. A Preliminary Study of Pollen Dispersal in Cannabis sativa in Relation to Wind Direction. Journal of Industrial Hemp 8, doi:10.1300/J237v08n02_03 (2003).
56 Neal, P. R. & Anderson, G. J. Does the ‘Old Bag’ Make a Good ‘Wind Bag’?: Comparison of Four Fabrics Commonly Used as Exclusion Bags in Studies of Pollination and Reproductive Biology. Annals of botany 93, 603-607, doi:10.1093/aob/mch068 (2004).
57 Rodriguez-Morrison, V., Llewellyn, D. & Zheng, Y. Cannabis Yield, Potency, and Leaf Photosynthesis Respond Differently to Increasing Light Levels in an Indoor Environment. Frontiers in plant science 12, 646020-646020, doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.646020 (2021).